By Sara Barth, LMSW 

You may have heard terms like neurodiversity, neurodivergent, or neurotypical—but what do they really mean? These words can feel a little abstract at first but understanding them can make a big difference. Whether this is all new to you or you’re simply looking to deepen your understanding, this short guide breaks down the key terms in a simple way, helping you better understand and support the many unique ways children and adults think, learn, and experience the world around them. 

What is Neurodiversity? 

Let’s start by breaking down the word. 

“Neuro” refers to the nervous system—the complex network that shapes how we think, feel, and sense the world. 

“Diversity” means variety or difference. 

Put together, neurodiversity means the natural variety in how our nervous systems work. Every one of us is wired a little differently because of our unique biology and life experiences. This diversity in how brains function is just part of being human. 

What Does Neurotypical Mean? 

Often called “NT” for short, neurotypical describes someone whose nervous system works in ways society generally expects.\ 

 For example, a neurotypical child might follow multi-step directions easily, like, “Take out your history book and turn to chapter 5 to start reading quietly.” 

What does Neurodivergent Mean? 

Often abbreviated as “ND”, Neurodivergent is an identity that describes someone whose nervous system functions differently from what’s typically expected by societal norms. 

This might look like a child needing reminders after receiving multi-step instructions. For example, when a teacher says, “Take out your history book and turn to Chapter 5 to begin reading silently,” a neurodivergent student may ask multiple times which chapter they’re supposed to be on and what they are supposed to do. It’s not about defiance or not listening; it may reflect how their brain processes information differently. 

Who is considered “Neurodivergent”? 

 Neurodivergent” is a broad term used to describe people whose brains may work differently from what’s often considered “typical.” This can include individuals with: 

ADHD, Autism, Tourette’s Syndrome, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD),  

Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD), Dyslexia, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)  

& More! 

Understanding the Neurodiversity Paradigm & Movement: 

When you hear these terms, it usually means someone is embracing the idea that our brains work in many different ways—and that’s a good thing. This way of thinking, called the neurodiversity paradigm, is built on three simple ideas: 

• Neurodiversity is a natural and valuable part of human diversity. 

• There isn’t one “right” or “normal” way to think, feel, or be. 

• Neurodivergent people’s social experiences often reveal wider inequalities in society. 

Building on these principles, the neurodiversity movement is a social justice effort focused on respect, equality, and full inclusion of neurodivergent individuals. It challenges the outdated view that neurological differences are “problems” to fix. Instead, it promotes pride in neurodivergence, encourages self-advocacy, and supports accommodations and acceptance rather than attempts to “normalize” people. 

Why does understanding matter? Knowing and using these terms helps us recognize and support the many ways people think and learn—whether children or adults. It’s not about being perfect; it’s about having the right language and mindset to connect with others thoughtfully and kindly. 

 Want to learn more and connect with others on a similar journey? 

Join our Psychoeducation Group for Caregivers of Neurodivergent Children. If your child has been diagnosed or labeled with ADHD, autism, dyslexia, auditory or sensory processing challenges, or a history of traumatic brain injury, they may be considered neurodivergent. 

This group provides a welcoming space to share experiences, gain practical tools, and discover new ways to support your child. 

Sara Barth, LMSW is a Mental Health Therapist at JCS.

Jewish Community Services (JCS) provides programs and services for people of all ages and backgrounds, helping them achieve their goals, enhance their well-being, and maximize their independence. To learn more, visit jcsbalt.org or 410-466-9200.